America s Capital Punishment Process - 1632 Words

Thus, it is not surprising that most people who are languishing in jail are those living below the poverty line that have no means to pay for a competent lawyer to defend themselves in a court of law. The United States of America’s capital punishment process is very flawed. Humans are imperfect and are always making mistakes, how do we justify being the group of people having the power to condemn someone to death when there have been times that our human judgments were flawed and immoral. This is probably the scariest part of our system and one of the most motiving causes for being against the death penalty. The death penalty alone imposes an irrevocable sentence. Once an inmate is executed, nothing can be done to make amends if a mistake†¦show more content†¦Life without parole is a very harsh sentence because a person is condemned to life in prison even if he becomes improved Capital punishment is also observed to be beneficial for the society because it deters the criminal from committing another crime and it prevents the other criminals from committing the same crime, however there is no scientific research that proves a causal connection or a cause and effect relationship between capital punishment and the commission of a crime. Killing a human being as a deterrent to crime is, in principle, using a human being as a means rather than an ends. If we agree with the fact that killing is wrong except in self-defense and therefore the killed would need to be punished. Then the argument follows that the killer’s punishment is to be killed can be seen as highly contradictory. This just turns into circular reasoning because to kill someone because they killed someone then this circle would just go on and on and people would continue to kill and kill and keep the cycle going. To kill the person who has killed someone close to you is simply to continue the cycle of violence which ultimately destroys the punisher as well as the offender. Executing someone for killing your loved one does not always necessarily give the family closure but may actually bring more pain because than that

Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 75 - 1457 Words

Amoretti : Sonnet 75 This poem is written in beginning modern English. Edmund Spenser uses some dutch words in his poem, like strand (now: beach). Here we have somebody who writes the name of the person he loves on the beach, because he wants the world to know hes in love. Its not clever because when the tide comes, the waves will wash it away. In poetry they use metaphor. An example : â€Å"you are like a red rose†, a red rose is a metaphor for beauty. Line 1-2: ‘’One day I wrote her name upon the strand, but came the waves and washed it away.’’ The speaker and his love are at the beach (strand) and the speaker is in a romantic mood, because he writes her name in the sand. The waves wash the name away. Line 3: â€Å"Again I†¦show more content†¦She is more beautiful and more temperate than a summer ´s day. Line 3: â€Å"Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,† The darling buds symbolize the beginning of his love for her. The buds still have to develop into beautiful flowers, just like their love. It ´s the beginning of summer, her beauty and his love. The rough winds symbolize the rough start of their love. Line 4: â€Å"And summer ´s lease hath all too short a date:† He says summer is far too short, because in summer the flowers will bloom. If he compares her to a flower she ´ll bloom in summer and die after summer, as will her love. It doesn ´t last long enough for him. His love for her will continue and he doesn ´t want her to go. Line 5: â€Å"Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,† The eye of heaven is the sun, which sometimes is too hot. Summer isn ´t steady like her art, like she is. Summer changes. â€Å"the eye of heaven† could also stand for God ´s eye which brings sunshine on earth. He watches over everybody, like the sunshine shines on everybody. With this metaphor he involves his religion in the poem. Line 6: â€Å"And often is his gold complexion dimmed:† The sun sometimes disappears behind the clouds, his gold complexion is dimmed by the clouds. His sunbeams aren ´t as strong as when there are no clouds. This could be a metaphor for their love. Their love isn ´t as strong as always, just like the sunbeams. Line 7: â€Å"And every fair from fair sometimesShow MoreRelatedSonnet 18 vs. Sonnet 75 Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrate how poets reinforce my claim through their poems. Sonnet 75 by Edmund Spenser as well as sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare eternal lines (l.9) employs the theme of immortality. The poet tries to achieve immortality for his lover. In the sonnets, both personas state that their lover will be immortal So long lives this, and this gives life to thee (l.14). Both sonnets convey a message that even though the poet writes the sonnet the subject matter immortality is in the hands of externalRead More Immortality Through Verse in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 751681 Words   |  7 PagesImmortality Through Verse in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Desiring fame, celebrity, and importance, people for centuries have yearned for the ultimately unattainable goal of immortality. Poets, too, have expressed desires in verse that their lovers remain as they are for eternity, in efforts of praise. Though Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75 from Amoretti both offer lovers this immortality through verse, only Spenser pairs this immortality with respectRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser771 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent writing styles, as well as different topics that relate to each other in their own unique ways. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† and Spenser’s â€Å"Sonnet 75†, both poets speak of love in terms of feelings and actions by using different expressive views, allowing the similar topics to contain clear distinctions. Although Edmund Spenser’s â€Å"Sonnet 75† and William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† relate in the sen se that love is genuine and everlasting, Spenser suggests love more optimistically, whereas ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Poetry Of Sonnets1693 Words   |  7 PagesOf Shakespeare’s collection of sonnets, a vast majority have been commonly established to be both written about and voiced to a beautiful, aristocratic young man often labeled the ‘Fair Youth’ — a seemingly polar opposite to the almost unsavoury, lower-class ‘Dark Lady’ assessed as the featured object of desire within the last 25 sonnets. Although some scholars such as Nelles (2009) neglect the prospect of two separate, distinct and truly gendered narratives, this concept must be considered in referenceRead MoreThe Movement Of The 18th And 17th Century Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pageswill look into the hallmarks of this period; Sonnets and their incredible movement into Europe. The essay will underscore that indeed poets are not solitary, hermetic personalities but ar e an expression of the communities. The prominent literary work in this period is an array of love traditions that had previously existed as independent practices in many centuries and across multiple nations and languages. William Shakespeare is the author of 154 Sonnets all of which form some of the most romanticRead MoreThe Treatment Of Outweighing By John Donne And Shakespeare On The Writing Of The Period2782 Words   |  12 Pages the voice of both present a scornful dismissal of the opposite sex in order to defy the typical conventions of heterosexuality. Whilst Donne explores lesbianism in his poem ‘Sappho to Philaenis’, Shakespeare reveals a hidden homosexuality in his sonnet sequence, exposed through the analysis of both his literature, and the changes made to the 1609 and 1640 published editions. Primarily, John Donne presents a disdainful dismissal of men in his narrative poem to demonstrate the sensual beauty and loveRead MoreWhat Are The Five Characteristics Of A Quest?1901 Words   |  8 Pagesand growing in strength by hurting someone else. 10.) Meaning behind â€Å"if its a square, its a sonnet† Sonnets have ten syllables and are 14 lines long, ten syllables in english is a long as 14 lines are high so a sonnet makes a square when in writing. 11.) How poets work magic on you? They use a certain choice in imaging, music in the language, content, and a play on words. 12.) Define Petrarchan sonnet First stanza has eight lines and the next has six, two separate rhyme schemes for the stanzasRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesconceits that were witty, complex, intellectual, and often startling, e.g., John Donne s comparison of two souls with two bullets in â€Å"The Dissolution.† 17. conflict: a struggle between two opposing forces in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. 18. connotation: all the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse; what a word suggests beyond its basic definitions; a word’s overtones of meaning. 19. consonance: repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words Read MoreLiterature Marking Scheme9477 Words   |  38 PagesDuration 2 hours 15 minutes Assessed by the Centre; externally moderated by Cambridge Weighting 75% 25% OR Component Paper 1: Set Texts – Open books Paper 3: Unseen Duration 2 hours 15 minutes 1 hour 15 minutes Weighting 75% 25% OR Component Paper 4: Set Texts – Closed books: A Paper 5: Set Texts – Closed books: B Duration 2 hours 15 minutes 45 minutes Weighting 75% 25% The full range of grades (A*–G) is available in each option. Availability This syllabusRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare2594 Words   |  11 Pagesis about a character whose tragic flaw leads to his downfall and to the demise of many of the other characters. William Shakespeare was a playwright during the Elizabethan Era who was made famous for his literary works of tragedies, comedies and sonnets. One of Shakespeare?s most renowned tragedies is Hamlet. In this classic tragedy the protagonist, Hamlet, pursues revenge and seeks justice against the antagonist, Claudius, for the murder of King Hamlet. As a result of his pursuits, Hamlet, his family

Hosptial Acquired Infection Free Essays

string(132) " approach to reduce transmission of microorganisms through airborne spread in its Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals\." Propose how would you minimise the occurrence of hospital acquired infection and monitor degree of success of these measures. INTRODUCTION The occurrence and undesirable complications from hospital acquired infections (HAIs) have been well recognized for the last several decades. The occurrence of HAIs continues to escalate at an alarming rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Hosptial Acquired Infection or any similar topic only for you Order Now HAIs originally referred to those infections associated with admission in an acute-care hospital (formerly called a nosocomial infection). These unanticipated infections develop during the course of health care treatment and result in significant patient illnesses and deaths (morbidity and mortality); prolong the duration of hospital stays; and necessitate additional diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, which generate added costs to those already incurred by the patient’s underlying disease (Bauman, 2011). HAIs are considered an undesirable outcome, and as some are preventable, they are considered an indicator of the quality of patient care, an adverse event, and a patient safety issue. Patient safety studies published in 1991 reveal the most frequent types of adverse events affecting hospitalized patients are adverse drug events, nosocomial infections, and surgical complications (Aboelela, 2006). Over years there is an alarming increase in HAI, which is influenced by factors such as increasing inpatient acuity of illness, inadequate nurse-patient staffing ratios, unavailability of system resources, and other demands that have challenged health care providers to consistently apply evidence-based recommendations to maximize prevention efforts. Read Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Despite these demands on health care workers and resources, reducing preventable HAIs remains an imperative mission and is a continuous opportunity to improve and maximize patient safety. Another factor emerging to motivate health care facilities to maximize HAI prevention efforts is the growing public pressure on State legislators to enact laws requiring hospitals to disclose hospital-specific morbidity and mortality rates. Institute of Medicine report identified HAIs as a patient safety concern and recommends immediate and strong mandatory reporting of other adverse health events, suggesting that public monitoring may hold health care facilities more accountable to improve the quality of medical care and to reduce the incidence of infections. Monitoring both process and outcome measures and assessing their correlation is a model approach to establish that good processes lead to good health care outcomes. Process measures should reflect common practices, apply to a variety of health care settings, and have appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria. Examples include insertion practices for central intravenous catheters, appropriate timing of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical patients, and rates of influenza vaccination for health care workers and patients. Outcome measures should be chosen based on the frequency, severity, and preventability of the outcome events. Examples include intravascular catheter-related blood stream infection rates and surgical-site infections in selected operations. Although these occur at relatively low frequency, the severity is high—these infections are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and excess health care costs—and there are evidence-based prevention strategies available (Filetoth, 2003). PATIENTS RISK FACTORS FOR HEALTH CARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS Transmission of infection within a hospittal requires three elements: a source of infecting microorganisms, a susceptible host, and a means of transmission for the microorganism to the host. During the delivery of health care, patients can be exposed to a variety of exogenous microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) from other patients, health care personnel, or visitors. Other reservoirs include the patient’s endogenous flora (e. g. , residual bacteria residing on the patient’s skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, or respiratory tract) which may be difficult to suppress and inanimate environmental surfaces or objects that have become contaminated (e. g. , patient room touch surfaces, equipment, medications). The most common sources of infectious agents causing HAI, described are the individual patient, medical equipment or devices, the hospital environment, the health care personnel, contaminated drugs, contaminated food, and contaminated patient care equipment. Patients have varying susceptibility to develop an infection after exposure to a pathogenic organism. Some people have innate protective mechanisms and will never develop symptomatic disease and others exposed to the same microorganism may establish a commensal relationship and retain the organisms as an asymptomatic carrier (colonization) or develop an active isease process. Intrinsic risk factors predispose patients to HAIs. The higher likelihood of infection is reflected in vulnerable patients who are immunocompromised, underlying diseases, severity of illness, immunosuppressive medications, or medical/surgical treatments (Bauman, 2011). Extrinsic risk factors include surgical or other invasive procedures, diagnostic or therap eutic interventions (e. g. , invasive devices, implanted foreign bodies, organ transplantations, immunosuppressive medications), and personnel exposures. In addition to providing a portal of entry for microbial colonization or infection, they also facilitate transfer of pathogens from one part of the patient’s body to another, from health care worker to patient, or from patient to health care worker to patient. Infection risk associated with these extrinsic factors can be decreased with the knowledge and application of evidence-based infection control practices. Among patients and health care personnel, microorganisms are spread to others through four common routes of transmission: contact (direct and indirect), respiratory droplets, airborne spread, and common vehicle. Contact transmission is the most important and frequent mode of transmission in the health care setting. Organisms are transferred through direct contact between an infected or colonized patient and a susceptible health care worker or another person. Microorganisms that can be spread by contact include those associated with impetigo, abscess, diarrheal diseases, scabies, and antibiotic-resistant organisms (e. g. , methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and vancomycin-resistant enterococci [VRE]). Droplet-size body fluids containing microorganisms can be generated during coughing, sneezing, talking, suctioning, and bronchoscopy. They are propelled a short distance before settling quickly onto a surface. They can cause infection by being deposited directly onto a susceptible person’s mucosal surface (e. g. , conjunctivae, mouth, or nose) or onto nearby environmental surfaces, which can then be touched by a susceptible person who autoinoculates their own mucosal surface. Examples of diseases where microorganisms can be spread by droplet transmission are pharyngitis, meningitis, and pneumonia. When small-particle-size microorganisms (e. g. , tubercle bacilli, varicella, and rubeola virus) remain suspended in the air for long periods of time, they can spread to other people. The CDC has described an approach to reduce transmission of microorganisms through airborne spread in its Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals. You read "Hosptial Acquired Infection" in category "Papers" Proper use of personal protective equipment (e. g. gloves, masks, and gowns), aseptic technique, hand hygiene, and environmental infection control measures are primary methods to protect the patient from transmission of microorganisms from another patient and from the health care worker (Filetoth, 2003). Personal protective equipment also protects the health care worker from exposure to microorganisms in the health care setting. Common vehicle (common source) transmissi on applies when multiple people are exposed to and become ill from a common inanimate vehicle of contaminated food, water, medications, solutions, devices, or equipment. Bacteria can multiply in a common vehicle but viral replication cannot occur. Examples include improperly processed food items that become contaminated with bacteria, waterborne shigellosis, bacteremia resulting from use of intravenous fluids contaminated with a gram-negative organism, contaminated multi-dose medication vials, or contaminated bronchoscopes. Common vehicle transmission is likely associated with a unique outbreak setting and will not be discussed further in this document. STEPS TO MINIMISE THE RISK Essential components of effective infection control programs included conducting organized surveillance and control activities, a trained infection control physician, an infection control nurse for every 250 beds, and a process for feedback of infection rates to clinical care staff. These programmatic components have remained consistent over time and are adopted in the infection control standards of the Joint Commission. The evolving responsibility for operating and maintaining a facility-wide effective infection control program lies within many domains. Both hospital administrators and health care workers are tasked to demonstrate effectiveness of infection control programs, assure adequate staff training in infection control, assure that surveillance results are linked to performance measurement improvements, evaluate changing priorities based on ongoing risk assessments, ensure adequate numbers of competent infection control practitioners, and perform program evaluations using quality improvement tools as indicated. a)Infection Control Personnel It has been demonstrated that infection control personnel play an important role in preventing patient and health care worker infections and preventing medical errors. An infection control practitioner (ICP) is typically assigned to perform ongoing surveillance of infections for specific wards, calculate infection rates and report these data to essential personnel, perform staff education and training, respond to and implement outbreak control measures, and consult on employee health issues. This specialty practitioner gains expertise through education involving infection surveillance, infection control, and epidemiology from current scientific publications and basic training courses offered by professional organizations or health care institutions. The Certification Board of Infection Control offers certification that an ICP has the standard core set of knowledge in infection control. Expert review panel recommends 1 full-time ICP for every 100 occupied beds (Filetoth, 2003). To maximize successful strategies for the prevention of infection and other adverse events associated with the delivery of health care in the entire spectrum of health care settings, infection control personnel and departments must be expanded. b)Nursing Responsibilities Clinical care staff and other health care workers are the frontline defense for applying daily infection control practices to prevent infections and transmission of organisms to other patients. Although training in preventing bloodborne pathogen exposures is required annually by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, clinical nurses (registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and certified nursing assistants) and other health care staff should receive additional infection control training and periodic evaluations of aseptic care as a planned patient safety activity. Nurses have the unique opportunity to directly reduce health care–associated infections through recognizing and applying evidence-based procedures to prevent HAIs among patients and protecting the health of the staff. Clinical care nurses directly prevent infections by performing, monitoring, and assuring compliance with aseptic work practices; providing knowledgeable collaborative oversight on environmental decontamination to prevent transmission of microorganisms from patient to patient; and serve as the primary resource to identify and refer ill visitors or staff. PREVENTION STRATERGIES Multiple factors influence the development of HAIs, including patient variables (e. g. , acuity of illness and overall health status), patient care variables (e. g. antibiotic use, invasive medical device use), administrative variables (e. g. , ratio of nurses to patients, level of nurse education, permanent or temporary/float nurse), and variable use of aseptic techniques by health care staff. Although HAIs are commonly attributed to patient variables and provider care, researchers have also demonstrated that other institutional influences may contribute to adverse outcomes. To encompass overall prevention effo rts, a list of strategies are reviewed that apply to the clinical practice of an individual health care worker as well as institutional supportive measures. Adherence to these principles will demonstrate that you H. E. L. P. C. A. R. E. This acronym is used to introduce the following key concepts to reduce the incidence of health care–associated infections. It emphasizes the compassion and dedication of nurses where their efforts contribute to reduce morbidity and mortality from health care–associated infections. Hand Hygiene For the last 160 years, we have had the scientific knowledge of how to reduce hand contamination and thereby decrease patient infection. Epidemiologic studies continue to demonstrate the favorable cost-benefit ratio and positive effects of simple hand washing for preventing transmission of pathogens in health care facilities. The use of antiseptic hand soaps (i. e. , ones containing chlorhexidine) and alcohol-based hand rubs also effectively reduce bacterial counts on hands when used properly. Although standards for hand hygiene practices have been published with an evidence-based guideline and professional collaborations have produced the How-to-Guide: Improving Hand Hygiene, there is no standardized method or tool for measuring adherence to institutional policy. Key points †¢The practice of appropriate hand hygiene and glove usage is a major contributor to patient safety and reduction in HAIs. It is more cost effective than the treatment costs involved in a health care–associated infection. †¢Joint Commission infection control standards include hand washing and HAI sentinel event review, which are applicable to ambulatory care, behavioral health care, home care, hospitals, laboratories, and long-term care organizations accredited by the Joint Commission. Hand hygiene is the responsibility of the individual practitioner and the institution. Developing a patient safety culture backed by administrative support to provide resources and incentives for hand washing is crucial to a successful outcome. †¢Hand hygiene promotion should be an institutional priority. †¢Select methods to promote and monitor improved hand hygiene. Monitor outcomes of adherence to hand hygiene in association with reduced incidence of HAI. †¢ Establish an evaluation model to recognize missed opportunities for appropriate hand hygiene. Environmental cleanliness The health care environment surrounding a patient contains a diverse population of pathogenic microorganisms that arise from a patient’s normal, intact skin or from infected wounds. Approximately 106 flat, keratinized, dead squamous epithelium cells containing microorganisms are shed daily from normal skin, and patient gowns, bed linens, and bedside furniture can easily become contaminated with patient flora. Surfaces in the patient care setting can also be contaminated with pathogenic organisms (e. g. from a patient colonized or infected with MRSA, VRE, or Clostridium difficile) and can harbor viable organisms for several days. Contaminated surfaces, such as blood pressure cuffs, nursing uniforms, faucets, and computer keyboards, can serve as reservoirs of health care pathogens and vectors for cross-contamination to patients. It is necessary to consistently perform hand hygiene after routine patient care or contact with environmental surfaces in the immediate vicinity of the patient. Infection control procedures are recommended to reduce cross-contamination under the following situations. . Use EPA-registered chemical germicides for standard cleaning and disinfection of medical equipment that comes into contact with more than one patient. 2. If Clostridium difficile infection has been documented, use hypochlorite-based products for surface disinfection as no EPA-registered products are specific for inactivating the spore form of the organism. 3. Ensure compliance by housekeeping staff with cleaning and disinfection procedures, particularly high-touch surfaces in patient care areas (e. . , bed rails, carts, charts, bedside commodes, doorknobs, or faucet handles). 4. When contact precautions are indicated for patient care (e. g. , MRSA, VRE, C. difficile, abscess, diarrheal disease), use disposable patient care items (e. g. , blood pressure cuffs) wherever possible to minimize cross-contamination with multiple drug-resistant micr oorganisms. 5. Advise families, visitors, and patients regarding the importance of hand hygiene to minimize the spread of body substance contamination (e. g. respiratory secretions or fecal matter) to surfaces. A patient safety goal could be to adopt a personal or an institutional pledge, similar to the following: I (or name of health care facility) am committed to ensuring that proper infection control and environmental disinfection procedures are performed to reduce cross-contamination and transmission so that a person admitted or visiting to this facility shall not become newly colonized or infected with a bacterium derived from another patient or health care worker’s microbial flora. Leadership Health care workers dedicate enormous effort to providing care for complex medical needs of patients, to heal, to continuously follow science to improve the quality of care—all the while consciously performing to the best of their ability to Primum non nocere (First, do no harm). Though medical errors and adverse events do occur, many can be attributed to system problems that have impacted processes used by the health care worker, leading to an undesired outcome. Responsibility for risk reduction involves the institution administrators, directors, and individual practitioners. It is clear that leaders drive values, values drive behaviors, and behaviors drive performance of an organization. The collective behaviors of an organization define its culture. The engagement of nursing leaders to collaborate with coworkers and hospital administrators in safety, teamwork, and communication strategies are critical requirements to improve safe and reliable care. Each institution must communicate the evidence-based practices to health care staff, have access to expertise about infection control practices, employ the necessary resources and incentives to implement change, and receive real-time feedback of national and comparative hospital-specific data. Health care institutions simply must expect more reliable performance of essential infection-control practices, such as hand hygiene and proper use of gloves. It is no longer acceptable for hospitals with substandard adherence to these basic interventions to excuse their performance as being no worse than the dismal results in published reports. Institution improvements should focus on process improvements that sustain best practices, using multifactorial approaches, and a commitment from the top administration through all levels of staff and employees to implement best practices. Use of personal protective equipment Infection control practices to reduce HAI include the use of protective barriers (e. g. , gloves, gowns, face mask, protective eyewear, face shield) to reduce occupational transmission of organisms from the patient to the health care worker and from the health care worker to the patient. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used by health care workers to protect their skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth from exposure to blood or other potentially infectious body fluids or materials and to avoid parenteral contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard states that health care workers should receive education on the use of protective barriers to prevent occupational exposures, be able to identify work-related infection risks, and have access to PPE and vaccinations. Proper usage, wear, and removal of PPE are important to provide maximum protection to the health care worker. Various types of masks, goggles, and face shields are worn alone or in combination to provide barrier protection. A surgical mask protects a patient against microorganisms from the wearer and protects the health care worker from large-particle droplet spatter that may be created from a splash-generating procedure. When a mask becomes wet from exhaled moist air, the resistance to airflow through the mask increases. This causes more airflow to pass around edges of the mask. The mask should be changed between patients, and if at anytime the mask becomes wet, it should be changed as soon as possible. Gowns are worn to prevent contamination of clothing and to protect the skin of health care personnel from blood and body fluid exposures. Gowns specially treated to make them impermeable to liquids, leg coverings, boots, or shoe covers provide greater protection to the skin when splashes or large quantities of potentially infective material are present or anticipated. Gowns are also worn during the care of patients infected with epidemiologically important microorganisms to reduce the opportunity for transmission of pathogens from patients or items in their environment to other patients or environments. When gowns are worn, they must be removed before leaving the patient care area and hand hygiene must be performed. Wise use of antimicrobials Over the last several decades, a shift in the etiology of more easily treated pathogens has increased toward more antimicrobial-resistant pathogens with fewer options for therapy. Infections from antimicrobial-resistant bacteria increase the cost of health care, cause higher morbidity and mortality, and lengthen hospital stays compared to infections from organisms susceptible to common, inexpensive antimicrobials (Aboelela, 2006). Antimicrobial resistance has continued to emerge as a significant hospital problem affecting patient outcomes by enhancing microbial virulence, causing a delay in the administration of effective antibiotic therapy, and limiting options for available therapeutic agents. Authors of evidence-based guidelines on the increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant organisms propose these interventions: stewardship of antimicrobial use, an active system of surveillance for patients with antimicrobial-resistant organisms, and an efficient infection control program to minimize secondary spread of resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship includes not only limiting the use of inappropriate agents, but also selecting the appropriate antibiotic, dosage, and duration of therapy to achieve optimal efficacy in managing infections (Aboelela, 2006). Hospital campaigns to prevent antimicrobial resistance include steps to (1) employ programs to prevent infections, (2) use strategies to diagnose and treat infections effectively, (3) operate and evaluate antimicrobial use guidelines (stop orders, restrictions, and criteria-based clinical practice guidelines), and (4) ensure infection control practices to reduce the likelihood of transmission. Nurse practitioners have a role as part of the health care team diagnosing and treating infections appropriately and should be familiar with strategies to improve antimicrobial use. All health care workers play a critical role in reducing the risk of transmission. Respiratory hygiene Respiratory viruses are easily disseminated in a closed setting such as a health care facility and can cause outbreaks that contribute to the morbidity of patients and health care staff. Personnel and patients with a respiratory illness commonly transmit viruses through droplet spread. Droplets are spread into the air during sneezing, talking, and coughing and can settle on surfaces. Transmission occurs by direct contact with mucous membranes or by touching a contaminated surface and self-inoculating mucous membranes. Respiratory viruses can sometimes have aerosol dissemination. Precautions to prevent the transmission of all respiratory illnesses, including influenza, have been developed. The following infection control measures should be implemented at the first point of contact with a symptomatic or potentially infected person. Occupational health policies should be in place to guide management of symptomatic health care workers. 1. Post visual alerts (in appropriate languages) at the entrance to outpatient facilities instructing patients and escorts (e. g. , family, friends) to notify health care personnel of symptoms of a respiratory infection when they first register for care. 2. Patients and health care staff should consistently practice the following: a. Cover the nose/mouth when coughing or sneezing. b. Use tissues to contain respiratory secretions and dispose of them in the nearest waste receptacle after use. c. Perform hand hygiene after having contact with respiratory secretions and contaminated objects or materials. . During periods of increased respiratory infection activity in the community or year-round, offer masks to persons who are coughing. Either procedure masks (i. e. , with ear loops) or surgical masks (i. e. , with ties) may be used to contain respiratory secretions. Encourage coughing persons to sit at least 3 feet away from others in common waiting areas. 4. Health care personnel should we ar a surgical or procedure mask for close contact (and gloves as needed) when examining a patient with symptoms of a respiratory infection. Maintain precautions unless it is determined that the cause of symptoms is not an infectious agent (e. g. , allergies). CONCLUSION It is the responsibility of all health care providers to enact principles of care to prevent hospital acquired infections, though not all infections can be prevented. Certain patient risk factors such as advanced age, underlying disease and severity of illness, and sometimes the immune status are not modifiable and directly contribute to a patient’s risk of infection. Depending on the patient’s susceptibility, a patient can develop an infection due to the emergence of their own endogenous organisms or by cross-contamination in the health care setting. Nurses can reduce the risk for infection and colonization using evidence-based aseptic work practices that diminish the entry of endogenous or exogenous organisms via invasive medical devices. Proper use of personal protective barriers and proper hand hygiene is paramount to reducing the risk of exogenous transmission to a susceptible patient. Health care workers should be aware that they can pick up environmental contamination of microorganisms on hands or gloves, even without performing direct patient care. Proper use and removal of PPE followed by hand hygiene will reduce the transient microbial load that can be transmitted to self or to others. ? REFERENCE †¢Aboelela S W, Saiman L, Stone P, et al. (2006) Effectiveness of barrier precautions and surveillance cultures to control transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms: a systematic review of the literature. J Infect Control, vol: 34(8):484–94. Bauman W R (2011), Microbiology with disease taxonomy, Pearson International Edition, 4th Edition, Pg no: 430 – 434. †¢Carlos F (2007), Antimicrobial resistance in Bacteria, Horizon Bioscience Publications, Pg no: 7 – 14. †¢Filetoth Z (2003), Hospital Acquired Infection, Whurr publishers, Pg no: 97 – 102, 180 – 196, 220 – 232. †¢I W Fong, Drlica K(2008), Antimicrob ial resistance and implication for the 21st century, Springer publications, Pg no: 231- 235. †¢Madigan M, Martinko J, Stahl D (2009), Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Pearsons Publications, 13th Edition, Pg no: 954- 957. Muto C A, Jernigan J A, Ostrowsky BE, et al. (2003) SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Infect Cont Hosp Epidem, Vol: 24(5):362–86. †¢Ryan J, Ray C G et al. (2010), Sherris Medical Microbiology, International Edition, 5th Edition, Pg no: 89 – 98. †¢Wyllie D, Connor L, Walker S, Davies J et al (2013), Annual Report of Chief Medical Officier, Chapter 4: Health care associated infections, Pg no: 63-72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette in healthcare settings. 2010. [Accessed march 2013]. Available at: http://www. cdc. gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/resphygiene. htm. †¢Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to guide: improving hand hygiene. a guide for improving practices among health care workers. [Accessed March 2013]. Author. Available at: http://www. ihi. org/IHI/Topics/CriticalCare/IntensiveCare/Tools/HowtoGuideImprovingHandHygiene. htm. How to cite Hosptial Acquired Infection, Papers

Creative Problem Solving for Managers

Question: Discuss about the Report for Creative Problem Solving for Managers? Answer: Introduction Children between the age of 5 and 17 work in China under extreme circumstances for long hours (Armitage 2013). As many families in China are poor, they have to send their children to work and they are the extra source of income. In this research work, child exploitation by Foxconn has been explained in this particular study. Negative implication for potential customer concerning child exploitation problem Foxconn, the worlds largest electronic manufacturer has admitted that children under the age 14 years have been working on the production line that manufactures Nintendo consoles and Sony television. It has been seen that Foxconn has hired interns that are under Chinas legal working age (Armitage 2013). Therefore, it has been seen that child exploitation in the company is not only the violation of the Chinese labour law, but also a violation of the Foxconn policy. This incident has no doubt left negative impact on the potential customers of Foxconn, as most of them are against child exploitation. The company has been accused for several years for violating the labour rights and keeping the employees in overcrowded dormitories run by military like security forces (CNET 2016). It has been seen that for the dedicated iPhone lovers as well get disturbed when they come to know that from where their phone have been coming. Foxconn is the electronic suppliers of Apple and after publishing the news of child exploitation in China, many iPhone lovers have raised a question about ethics of the company and the suppliers as well. Therefore, it can be stated that bad practices along with the violation of rules have left negative impact on the buyers of iPhone, Samsung (Garside 2013). Ten possible stakeholders that will be affected by this problem The concerning company, employed children, suppliers, family of the working children, responsible government, customers, foreign companies that come to China for expanding their business, education system and future generation are the top ten possible stakeholders that get affected by this bad practice in China (Kendall and Funk 2012). These ten stakeholders get affected by the addressed problem in China. Five problem solving stakeholders concerning this problem and their different roles to contribute Responsible citizen of the country must raise their voice against child exploitation; the government must incorporate some strict rules and regulation to cope up with the problem. Apart from that, the charitable missions, who look after the well being of the children, must discuss this issue seriously. If the customers boycott those companies who engage child labour, the problem can be solved easily (Kendall and Funk 2012). It has been found that sometimes the client companies do not know the details of the supplying company and thus it can be said that the client companies are required to be well aware of supply companies activities and take prompt action if any bad practices are observed. Conclusion After completion of the entire task, it can be stated that child exploitation in Foxconn is one of the major issues and put the ethics of the company in front of moral and ethical questions. This is required to take care of immediately to maintain the reputation of the company. References Armitage, J., 2013. 'Even worse than Foxconn': Apple rocked by child labour claims. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/even-worse-than-foxconn-apple-rocked-by-child-labour-claims-8736504.html [Accessed 29 Feb. 2016]. CNET, 2016. Riots, suicides, and other issues in Foxconn's iPhone factories. [online] Available at: https://www.cnet.com/news/riots-suicides-and-other-issues-in-foxconns-iphone-factories/ [Accessed 29 Feb. 2016]. Garside, J., 2013. Child labour uncovered in Apple's supply chain. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/25/apple-child-labour-supply [Accessed 29 Feb. 2016]. Kendall, V. and Funk, T., 2012. Child exploitation and trafficking. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield. Moore, M., 2012. 14-year-olds employed on Foxconn factory production line. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9614994/14-year-olds-employed-on-Foxconn-factory-production-line.html [Accessed 29 Feb. 2016].

Subcultures and Subcultural Marketing free essay sample

We are brought up to follow the beliefs, values, and customs of our society and to avoid behavior that is judged unacceptable or considered to be taboo. In addition to segmenting in terms of cultural factors, marketers also segment overall societies into smaller subgroups or subcultures that consist of people who are similar in terms of their ethnic origin, their customs, and the ways they behave.These subcultures provide important marketing opportunities for astute marketing strategists. So, now our discussion in this chapter on subcultures will be more focused marred to the other chapters. Instead of examining the dominant beliefs, values, and customs that exist within an entire society, we will explore the marketing opportunities created by the existence of certain beliefs, values, and customs shared by members of specific sub cultural groups within a society.These sub cultural divisions are based on a variety of socio-cultural and demographic variables such as nationality, religi on, geographic locality, race, age, sex, and even working status. We will write a custom essay sample on Subcultures and Subcultural Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Objectives After studying this chapter we should be able: Dunderheads the concept of subcultures; O Identify the various types of subcultures and measure their impact on consumer behavior. Subcultures Culture can be divided into subcultures: The term subculture refers to a category of people who share a sense of identification that is distinguishable from that of the total culture.A sub-culture is an identifiable distinct, cultural group, which, while following the dominant cultural values of the overall society also has its own belief, values and customs that set them apart from other members of the same 1 OF s Sub-culture categories are: ; Nationality: Bangladesh, Indian, Pakistani; Religion: Hinduism, Islam; ; Race: Asian, black, white; ; Age: Generation X Market, Generation Y Market, Seniors, Baby Boomers Market; ; Sex: Male, Female; ; Occupation: Farmer, teacher, business; ; Social class: upper, middle, lower; ; Geographic regions: South India, North-eastern India.Let us now lo ok at some of these aspects of subculture in greater details. 1 Regional, Ethnic, and Religious Influences on Consumer Behavior o Regional Influences A. Regions within the country, B. Regions across the World. O Ethnic Influences A. Ethnic Groups within the Country, B. Multicultural Marketing, C. Ethnic Groups around the World. O Religious Infill ounces The three major aspects of culture that have important effects on consumer behavior are regional, ethnic, and religious differences.Firstly, consumption patterns may differ in various regions of Bangladesh and the world, and marketing strategy can sometimes be tailored specifically to these regions. Secondly, our country has a number of different ethnic groups, and population trends will dramatically alter the demographic profile of the country in the next 50 years. Ethnicity Ethnic origin refers to the genetic irritate group a person is born in- marketplace behavior and marketer response; ovary mainstream marketing for ethnic markets; o Pay attention to customs; 0 Product adaptation; souse of multicultural models in advertising.This diverse population is described in terms of its distinct identity and language, strong family and religious orientation, solid work ethic, and youthfulness. The broad characteristics can influence consumption (e. G. , brand loyalty and the desire for prestige products) and have important implications for product development, advertising media targeting, promotions, and distribution. Say for instance, in the United States, the African American population is described as urban, young, social, and religious. Black consumers value prestigious brands and are smart investigative shoppers. These patterns lead to important marketing implications. The very diverse Asian American us Becquerel is described as young and having higher socioeconomic status, placing strong value on the family and the group, and being strongly brand loyal. In spite of its diversity, marketing strategies can be developed for this group. Many marketers are now becoming multicultural in their marketing activities by trying to appeal to a variety of cultures at the same time. Although the diversity of the Indian melting pot may be unique, there are many important ethnic groups in other areas of the world.Finally, religious beliefs and values can influence consumer. 2. Age, Gender, and Household Influences on Consumer Behavior l. How Age Affects Consumer Behavior A. Generation X Market, B. Generation Y Market, C. Seniors, D. Baby Boomers Market. II. How Gender Affects Consumer Behavior A. Sex Roles Have Changed, Differences in Acquisition and Consumption Behaviors. B. How the Household Influences Consumer Behavior Ill. A. Types of Households, Changing Trends in Household Structure. IV. Roles That Household Members Play A. Roles of Spouses, B. The Roles of Children, C. Household Decision Making Versus Household Consumption Behavior. Age has a major influence on customer behavior ; Chronological versus psychological age. *Needs and wants vary with age ; Lifetime revenue: estimated revenue over a customers lifetime. *Population age changes imply major shifts in markets and values/demand -E. G. Ageing baby boomers. Lees look at the four major age groups. Teens, who need to establish an identity, are the consumers of tomorrow and have an increasing influence on family decisions. The somewhat disillusioned Generation X consists of smart and cynical consumers who can easily see through obvious marketing attempts.Baby boomers grew up in a very dynamic and fast changing world and this has affected their values for individualism and freedom. The 50 and older segment can be divided into two groups-the young again and the gray market. Neither group likes to be thought of as old. The affect of gender differences on consumer behavior is examined next. Sex oleos are changing. Women are becoming more professional and independent, and men are becoming more sensitive and caring. Also, men and women can differ in terms of traits, information processing, decision styles, and consumption patterns. Consistent throughout lifetime, influencing customer values and preferences. ; Different consumption patterns and perceptions of consumption situations -E. G. The wedding ceremony. ; Differences for business-to-business products and services career paths, benefits and support services. -Also Let us now focus on how households play a key role in consumer behavior. The proportion of nontraditional households has increased due to factors such as- (1) Later marriages, (2) Cohabitation, (3) Increased divorce, and (4) Fewer children. Households also exert an important influence on acquisition and consumption patterns.First, household members can play different roles in the decision process (gatekeeper, influencer, decider, buyer, and user). Second, husbands and wives vary in their influence in the decision process, depending on the situation-husband-dominant, wife-dominant, autonomic, or syntactic. 3. Chirographys: Values, Personality, and Lifestyles We need to answer these questions regarding the role Of chirographys in affecting consumer behavior. L. Values A. How Can Values Be Described? B. Which Values Characterize Western Culture? C. Why DO values Change? D.What Affects Our Values? E. How Can Values Be Measured? II. Personality A. How Has Personality Been Studied? B. Do Personality Characteristics Affect Consumer Behavior? Ill. Lifestyles IV. Chirographys: Combining Values, Personality, and Lifestyles and Lifestyle Survey, B. Other Applied Cryptographic Research. A Values Values are enduring beliefs about things that are important. They are learned wrought the processes of colonization and acculturation. Our values exist in an organized value system, with some values being viewed as more important than others.Some are regarded as terminal values and reflect desired end states that guide behavior across many different situations. Instrumental values are those needed to achieve these desired end states. Domain-specific values are those that are relevant within a given sphere of activity. Western cultures tend to place a relatively high value on material goods, youth, the home, family and children, work and play, health, hedonism, and technology. Personality consists of the distinctive patterns of behaviors, tendencies, qualities, and personal dispositions that make people different from one another.Approaches to the study of personality include- (1) The psychoanalytic approach, which sees personality arising from unconscious internal struggles within the mind at key stages Of development; (2) Trait theories, which attempt to identify a set of personality characteristics that describe and differentiate individuals, such as introversion, extroversion, and stability; (3) Phenomenological approaches, which propose that personality is shaped by an individuals interpretation of fife events (4) Social-psychological theories, which focus on how individuals act in social situations (e. . , compliant, detached, or aggressive); and (5) Behavioral approaches, which view an individuals personality in terms of past rewards and punishments. Marketers also measure lifestyles, which are patterns of behavior (or activities, interests, and opinions). These lifestyles can provide some additional insight into consumers consumption patterns. Finally, some marketing researchers use Cryptographic techniques that involve all of these factors to predict consumer behavior.

Chapter case study Essay Example

Chapter case study Essay Example Chapter case study Essay Chapter case study Essay A key component of data security was also implemented with the vendor data site to reverent vendors from accessing each others data and compromising proprietary information (Viscosity, 2008, p. 1). There are many types of communication applications used by Wall-Mart to help them maintain their rank in the top of the retail business. The most typical types used by Wall-Mart are their automated distribution system, their computerized routing systems and the electronic data interchange (DE) (Boogie, 2013, p. 126). These are all used to synonymously create an efficient process for Wall-Mart to succeed at remaining one of the top competitive tillers in the world. Along with communication applications, there are also applications of wireless technology used by Wall-Mart helping them to be successful. One of the wireless applications is used to assist the operations of the warehouse management system (WHAMS). Another wireless application utilized by Wall-Mart controls and monitors the forklifts and industrial vehicles usage which move merchandise through the distribution centers (Boogie, 2013, p. 26). There are many features and capabilities of the Vehicle Management system (VIM) which is the latest application of data communications for Wall-Mart. The VIM has the ability to send two way text messages to assist management in being more effective in the material handling of resources to the most appropriate destinations. The VIM also works effectively with Radio-Frequency Identification (RIFF) syst ems

ONE PAGE PER QUESTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ONE PAGE PER QUESTION - Essay Example This war spread like wildfire throughout the world even reached the neutral states, newly independent countries in Africa, Asia etc. When the President Truman passed an anti-communist policy, the war between the Soviet Union and USA began. The name â€Å"cold war† is used because it did not feature any direct military action because both sides possessed nuclear weapons and the use of these arms from either side was a guaranteed destruction for both. The cold war ended in 1945 after the Berlin wall was broken down, the Soviet Union was defeated by collapsing into several independent states. One side had a vast army and the other had the most powerful weapon, the A-bomb and soviets had no idea about the total number of those bombs. We could believe for some time that the world is safer now that the cold war is over, but now that we have a multi-polar society. The current prevailing issues are more hazardous than the one in which we were aware of the enemies and there were a constant negotiation to solve the issues but now it only takes a bomb attack and lots of false accusations to set the world on fire which would end nobody knows where. 2) World War II began in 1939 when the Great Britain and France declared a war on Germany and invaded Poland. The invasion in Poland did trigger the war on Germany, but the overall causes of the war are very complex. Following are the events that lead toward the Second World War: Treaty of Versailles: in 1919 Lloyd George from England, Orlando from Italy, Clemenceau from France and Woodrow from US had a meeting to discuss the damages that occurred after World War I. in this meeting it was also planned that how Germany should be made to pay for starting the war. Woodrow Wilson formed a treaty based on 14 points, George Clemenceau and Lloyd George strongly agreed to them. Germany had been expecting something like it but they were unhappy with

International Studies 2007 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Studies 2007 - Essay Example As an avid practitioner of Zen, I have developed an appreciation for the influence that philosophy has on design. I find that the Eastern culture is the path into my future as I begin to incorporate green eco-design into our interior spaces. Japan is at the forefront of this discipline as they meld bamboo, rocks, and water into a harmonious living area. This offers more than just a chance encounter with nature. It makes the beholder an active participant with their surroundings and offers them the serenity of peace of mind. This seductiveness of the natural is also echoed in Japan's world-renowned gardens. My studies in Japan would give me the opportunity to view these landmarks and create new ways to bring the garden indoors. My interest in Feng Shui would naturally compliment the concept of space as a living environment. The blend of nature, Japanese gardens, and Feng Shui would offer a meditative atmosphere that would indeed be seductive. The lure of the opportunity to study in Japan does not overshadow my obligations to the program. I am infectiously dedicated to design and would bring with me the fresh ideas of New York and the West. I eagerly anticipate interacting and exchanging thoughts with the other participants.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 9

Report - Essay Example However, Dobson, S. & Palfreman, S. (1999) argues that even with open ended questions and there is no un-biasness in the selecting of the representatives, the data will not be complete. Other methods of data collection exist e.g. interviews and observations. To Doyle, E (2005), the two cannot be used in this case since some of the information required cannot be captured through observations and interview since it may not yield much. About 320 questionnaires were mailed to both local small and medium businesses. Only 100 managed to fill and send them back. The questionnaires had 8 questions. The council wanted to know the area of business one was involved in; where the business is based; the number of employees; whether the business is freehold or under leasehold; the size of the business premises; reasons for initially for locating the business in Stapleton Borough; constraints to business operations and whether there are plans of relocating to another place in the next 5. Most of those who have businesses in Stapleton have set them there since they live locally or where born there. Availability of premises is another reason for setting up businesses in the council. Customer base, cost of premises and business opportunities are the other reasons why businesses have been set up within the council. Most of those who took part in the study alluded to the fact that there are no constraints to business growth. However, 18% agree to the problem of parking slots within the council while 17% said that the council has no enough skilled manpower. Other constraints though not statistically significant include un-availability of new premises and land. As at know, 54% of those who own businesses in the area have no plans of relocating to any other town or local village. However, some 18% have plans of relocating although within the council while 25% say they don’t know whether they will be making any move. A meagre 3% say they will be moving out of

Case Study of the Strategic Issues of Chipotle Mexican Grill

Case Study of the Strategic Issues of Chipotle Mexican Grill Chipotle Mexican Grill is an American chain of fast casual restaurants currently found in more than 1000 locations throughout the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. The chain specializes in tacos and burritos and has been in operation since it was founded in 1993. It is run by a board of four directors and a chairman who is also the founder of the food chain and has its headquarters in Denver, Colorado. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and posted a net income of US$178 million in 2010[1]. It has a human resource of 26,500 employees. In 1998 McDonalds made an investment into the company that allowed Chipotle to expand quickly, however in 2006, McDonalds divested from Chipotle. In January 2006, the company made its Initial Public Offering to a very positive response from investors who were eagerly waiting on the listing of the companys shares since it had shown a remarkable sign of continuous growth and profitability. The share price doubled on the first day of listing as a public company. The company employs quality financial and budgetary control systems that have seen it grow and expand without landing in financial crisis since it started operations. Multiple control systems are used to ensure that the different restaurant maintain the company standards in the quality of products produced, employee welfare and [1]A., M,. Hospitality today: an introduction. City: American Hotel Lodging Educational Institute, 2007. upholding of the company policies and mission. The company encourages new innovations in its products and that is why they have some of the restaurants selling beer and margaritas depending on the location and demand from the clients. The company has focused mainly on its initial core business which has proven to be an advantage to the business because all emphasis is given to ensure the company mission is upheld without side destructions from extra deviations from the core business. Recent developments in the company include: Dec, 2010: Plans to open the first Asian casual concept restaurant Dec, 2010: Hired Chef Nate Appleman to develop new cuisine Apr, 2010: Chipotle Q1 Revenues Up 15.6% Feb, 2010: Chipotle to open in Marion, Ohio Nov, 2009: Chipotle Finalizes Location In London Nov, 2009: Chipotle Mexican Grill to debut in London Oct, 2009: Converted Organics Announces Tactical Relationship With IESI to Collect, Process And Convert Food Waste [2] [2]J.R., Zapoli,. How to Succeed in the Restaurant Business: Crunching NumbersnowThats the Bottom Line! City: 2005. Section 2: Key Strategic issues Despite of its success, Chipotle does face key strategic issues that the company has to deal with. Due to its rapid growth and need to keep growing, the company has encountered problems when raising the money to finance new operations since it is all company owned and does not franchise. The large number of outlets also makes it difficult to ensure that company standards are met and maintained thus some outlets have lagged behind leading to embarrassing incidents like the norovirus outbreak in Kent, Ohio. The companys strategy still remains expanding and setting up new restaurants in key markets and offering new menus to cater for different tastes thus becoming available near its clients with a choice of food and drink to cater for a wider clientele thus remaining relevant. The company also faces major competition from other chain restaurants thus the need to come up with new innovations to attract and maintain clients. The company has also been implicated with the crime of employing people using fraudulent papers especially in its outlets in Minneapolis. Section 3: Analysis and Evaluation Chipotles main challenge as a restaurant chain is to fight competition. Its main competitors include Qdoba Mexican Grill, Moes Southwest Grill, Rubios Fresh Mexican Grill, Pancheros Mexican Grill, and Baja Fresh. The company executives have identified ways to make the company stand out amongst the competition in different ways that they hope will enable the company to remain at the top and keep making profits as it has done since inception. One of the best ways is new innovations. This has been done by employing a new chef with vast experience to come up with new menus that will be tested in selected restaurants before the menu is adapted by all the restaurants. This is a gamble for the chain because it has had the same menu of burrito bowls, burritos, tacos, salads, various meats and extra dishes such as salsas, cheese, lettuce and guacamole which have been the restaurants signatures. The company has also been testing a childrens menu that is to be incorporated in all the restaurant s to give the children a fun menu to enjoy thus attracting more families and children to its restaurants. Innovations have also included plans to open Asian fast casual restaurants to give a wider choice to the company clients in the selection of food and drinks while at the same time attract a new clientele of lovers of Asian food and drinks. The company has continued to open new branches all over the country and has even ventured in London and Toronto. This rapid expansion has in the past proven a disadvantage for some companies but it is worth acknowledging that Chipotle has managed to handle the growth to its advantage and is a perfect example of what good strategies coupled with good management can result to. In spite of the rigorous aspects and challenges of rapid expansion, the company managed to be ranked as the eighth fastest growing company in the US based on sales in 2009 and improved this to be ranked at position three in 2010 with a daily customer base of over 750,000 c ustomers. Thus it is evident that this company has managed to expand in a profitable manner without even facing financial difficulties considering that it takes US$850,000 to open a new Chipotle restaurant. [3]A., M,. Hospitality today: an introduction. City: American Hotel Lodging Educational Institute, 2007. Strong and strict financial and budgetary controls have been applied throughout the company and this have enabled smooth running of the expansive business without financial problems. The money that MacDonalds had pumped into the company in 1998 was well used to fund the initial expansion and opening of new restaurants that saw the company restaurants rise in number from 18 in 1998 to 500 in 2005 [3]. This means that the company management did not first focus on paying themselves and issuing themselves huge bonuses rather the money was directed into the interests of the company. It is also worth to note that the founder of the company, Steve Ells was a graduate of the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York and has remained the chairman and C.E.O of the company he founded. The relevance of his educational and professional background to the company success is that Steve had acquired the relevant knowledge and expertise in food production thus had all the necessary backgrou nd to set up a restaurant since he practically knew what he was doing in a restaurant setup. Secondly, Steves background reveals how he had opened his first restaurant with a loan from his father thus the man has good intuition on how to spend money and his presence on the board of the company has ensured that the same intelligent virtues he had used in the beginning of the business trickle down even when the business has grown to astronomical scales of success. Â   Successful operational controls employed by Chipotle restaurants begin from the top. Once the first restaurant was on its feet the founder focused on growing the business rather than working in the business. This is instrumental because most business people get buried in the day to day running of their businesses and forget the reason why they started it in the first place. Chipotle has invested heavily in operating systems that enable the smooth running of the company restaurants considering the huge number of customers that they serve. The company has introduced new ways to order and pay for food items online from the comfort of ones home or office and even has an iPhone application for the same service targeting the technology servy clients. This company has an abstract way of advertising. Instead of the traditional media oriented advertisements on television, radio and print, it heavily depends on word of mouth for advertising and the use of billboards. The company also sponsors cycling events and runs many events throughout the year where it offers free food to participants. Works Sited A., M,. Hospitality today: an introduction. City: American Hotel Lodging Educational Institute, 2007. J.D., Dittmer,. Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls. City: John Wiley Sons, 2008. J.D., Schmidgall,. Restaurant financial basics. City: John Wiley Sons, 2002. J.R., Zapoli,. How to Succeed in the Restaurant Business: Crunching Numbersnow Thats the Bottom Line! City: 2005.

Characteristics of Dolphins Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Paper

Characteristics of Dolphins The majority of small tooth whales are called dolphins.   â€Å"Dolphins are mammals of the order Cetacean and the families Plantanistidae and Delphinidae and include about 50 species† (Internet 1).   Most dolphin species are about 6 feet in length, the males averaging 4 to 8 inches longer than females. The longest dolphin, the bottle-nose dolphin, can reach over nine-feet in length and weight up to 440 pounds. The smallest dolphin species is the buffalo which is found in the Amazon River. The Buffalo dolphin rarely grows over 3.9 feet or weighs more than 66 pounds. A dolphin’s diet consists mainly of herring, mackerel, and sardines. â€Å"Some species however, prefer squid, shrimp and other crustacean† (Gygax 585). The average amount of fish ingested is estimated at about 66 pounds a day for an individual dolphin about 8.2 feet and 220 pounds. The body of a dolphin is sleek, smooth and hairless, making the skin rubbery to the touch.   Most species have jaws that protrude into a beak like snout.   â€Å"Above the upper jaw is a large mass of fat and oil-containing tissue forming the so-called "melon" that looks much like a bulging forehead† (Internet 1). The dorsal fin on the mid-back of the dolphin contains the skeletal remnants of five digits that form the flippers. Dolphins use the dorsal fin primarily as stabilizers, although occasionally in an oar like fashion.   The dorsal fin is formed from subcutaneous dermal tissue and is not movable by muscle action.   The hind flippers consist of a pair of small pelvic bones, deeply embedded in the connective tissue at the base of the tail.   The caudal, or tail, fin is also primarily dermal in origin, rather than skeletal, and con... ... the rough-toothed Dolphin, the Bottlenose Dolphin, the Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin, the Pacific White-Sided Dolphin, the Common Dolphin, the Spotted Dolphin, the Striped Dolphin, and the Black Dolphin (low, rounded dorsal fin; no beak; dark pigmentation; limited to the coastal waters of Chile.) Sources Cited Gygax, Lorenz. â€Å"Evolution of Group Size in the Dolphins and Porpoises: Interspecific Consistency of Intraspecific Patterns.† Behavioral Ecology. Vol. 13, No. 5 (Sept 2002): 583-590. Hamilton, Healy, et al. â€Å"Evolution of River Dolphins.† The Royal Society. California: 549-555. Internet 1 http://www.thedolphinplace.com/facts.html <http://www.beach-net.com/dolphins/biology.html> <http://www.liscannorferry.com/dolphin_jewelry-1.html> <http://thedolphinplace.com/main.html> <http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/marman.html> Characteristics of Dolphins Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Paper Characteristics of Dolphins The majority of small tooth whales are called dolphins.   â€Å"Dolphins are mammals of the order Cetacean and the families Plantanistidae and Delphinidae and include about 50 species† (Internet 1).   Most dolphin species are about 6 feet in length, the males averaging 4 to 8 inches longer than females. The longest dolphin, the bottle-nose dolphin, can reach over nine-feet in length and weight up to 440 pounds. The smallest dolphin species is the buffalo which is found in the Amazon River. The Buffalo dolphin rarely grows over 3.9 feet or weighs more than 66 pounds. A dolphin’s diet consists mainly of herring, mackerel, and sardines. â€Å"Some species however, prefer squid, shrimp and other crustacean† (Gygax 585). The average amount of fish ingested is estimated at about 66 pounds a day for an individual dolphin about 8.2 feet and 220 pounds. The body of a dolphin is sleek, smooth and hairless, making the skin rubbery to the touch.   Most species have jaws that protrude into a beak like snout.   â€Å"Above the upper jaw is a large mass of fat and oil-containing tissue forming the so-called "melon" that looks much like a bulging forehead† (Internet 1). The dorsal fin on the mid-back of the dolphin contains the skeletal remnants of five digits that form the flippers. Dolphins use the dorsal fin primarily as stabilizers, although occasionally in an oar like fashion.   The dorsal fin is formed from subcutaneous dermal tissue and is not movable by muscle action.   The hind flippers consist of a pair of small pelvic bones, deeply embedded in the connective tissue at the base of the tail.   The caudal, or tail, fin is also primarily dermal in origin, rather than skeletal, and con... ... the rough-toothed Dolphin, the Bottlenose Dolphin, the Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin, the Pacific White-Sided Dolphin, the Common Dolphin, the Spotted Dolphin, the Striped Dolphin, and the Black Dolphin (low, rounded dorsal fin; no beak; dark pigmentation; limited to the coastal waters of Chile.) Sources Cited Gygax, Lorenz. â€Å"Evolution of Group Size in the Dolphins and Porpoises: Interspecific Consistency of Intraspecific Patterns.† Behavioral Ecology. Vol. 13, No. 5 (Sept 2002): 583-590. Hamilton, Healy, et al. â€Å"Evolution of River Dolphins.† The Royal Society. California: 549-555. Internet 1 http://www.thedolphinplace.com/facts.html <http://www.beach-net.com/dolphins/biology.html> <http://www.liscannorferry.com/dolphin_jewelry-1.html> <http://thedolphinplace.com/main.html> <http://laws.fws.gov/lawsdigest/marman.html>

Character Developement

Major characters exponentially develop mentally and morally by interacting with minor characters, society, and applying the themes of the story to their lives. In Harper Lee's novel To Kill A Mockingbird the reader can see the protagonist of the story, Scout Finch, mature from her child like mentality and thoughts to become a strong feminine character with high morals. This is achieved through the characters and situations in her life that influence her to see reality, past her childhood mirage, for what it really is.The roles of people such as Attic's Finch, and other minor harassers, greatly influences how she views the topics of racism, prejudice, and stereotypes. Attic's' character embodies the word humanity for his actions towards changing the stereotypes and prejudice of the Macomb Community are inspiring and motivational. Macomb is evidently a community that cannot tolerate differences and discriminate people based on their appearances. Their hostility towards the â€Å"Negro es† shows the reader and the protagonist how racism can affect and change ones life.As the story progresses one can see the struggles and obstacles the protagonist faces when dealing with racism, from trying to protect her family name ND reputation, to protecting loved ones from judgmental people. Such situations and incidents cause the protagonist to be forced to see how one has to recognize the validity and value of lives unlike hers. To begin with, Scouts father Attic's Finch plays a major role in her moral development as a person due to his paternal relationship and influence on her.This can be seen through his parenting skills and techniques that help Scout be more open-minded unlike the other residents of Macomb County. For instance, when Scout says † Our battles were epic and always one sided. California always won, mainly because Attic's always took her side† (Lee 6). This quote not only proves that Attic's apathy towards Scaloppini's race reinforces their relationship, but It additionally fortifies the fact that scout learns that white and colored people are equals and no different from each other.In addition, Attic's' exemplary actions towards different circumstances in his life greatly impact how Scout views her own life and societies false preaching's on equality. Referring to the Tom Robinson case Scout questions Attic's on why he is defending a â€Å"Negro† in court and he responds y saying † If I didn't I couldn't hold up my head in town, I couldn't represent this county in the legislature, I couldn't even tell you or Gem not to do something again† (Lee 75).Although he acknowledges the fact that his family and him will be judged and ridiculed by his community for taking the case, he moves forward with the case because It's consciously the moral thing to do. Attic's' optimistic mind-set and ability to see the good qualities of the situation encourages Scout to be more forgiving and understanding of the negativ e atmosphere In the Macomb society. Pursue what she believes in no matter what the consequences are. Attic's later on tells Scout to â€Å"never kill a mockingbird† (Lee 273); the term is used as a metaphor to symbolize how you should never taint or kill the innocence of a person.The mockingbird refers to characters such as Tom Robinson and Arthur â€Å"Boo† Raddled, mockingbirds whose purity and innocence are polluted by racism, stereotypes, and rumors and are progressively â€Å"killed†. Scout learns that her perspective of life as being black and white are erroneous and that in certain situations, some things are best left unsaid, referring to one's opinions on people based on their appearance. Furthermore, minor characters found throughout the novel teach and help develop Scout's knowledge on good versus evil. Mrs†¦Double's commentary towards the children shows Scout how ignorance breeds ignorance. This is shown when Mrs†¦ Dubos holds up Gem and Sc out and says † Not only a Finch waiting on tables but one in the courthouse laming for naggers† (Lee 101). This quote characterizes Mrs†¦ Dubos as someone who strongly believes that colored people are not equal individuals and don't deserve to have the same rights and privileges such as lawyers like white people. Her age and how she was raised and taught to believe that white and lorded people were two very different and separate races can explain her beliefs.Scout acknowledges the fact that even though characters such as Mrs†¦ Dubos and Mr†¦ Lowell are considered to be adults, they behave like ignorant children who have not been scolded, corrected, or taught better by their parents. For instance at the court Scout observes the fact that † the Negroes having waited for the white people to go upstairs to the balcony first, started to go up† (Lee 173). This shows the reader the small gestures that the white people do, such as allowing the â€Å" Negroes† to sit down after them causes tension and distress in the society.Such gestures can be translated as downgrading the colored people and treating them as though they were insignificant and a burden to the community. Despite the example set by the white people, Scout and Gem go up and sit down with the black people instead, indirectly challenging the Macomb society and setting their own examples. The actions of one person can start a chain reaction of change, a lesson that helps shape Scout's independence and confidence in herself. She uses this newfound confidence in herself to express what she thinks and feels about stereotypes and racism, to advertise her beliefs and promote them to others around her.Similarly, the Macomb County's community is filled with hate, racism, stereotypes, and prejudice, factors that help Scout see how this shouldn't blind ones perception on people. Scout sees how stereotypes can be altered and obscured from the truth. This is seen when she goes with Gem and California to the colored church where she sees that † Negroes worshipped on Sunday while white men gambled† (Lee 118). The assumption in the novel is that white people are more religious then colored people but Scout see's how this statement is false.She also sees that even though the Negroes don't have as much as the white churches or have the same materials such as songbooks, etc. They pray the same if not more then the white churches. Scout learns how stereotypes are fabricated and misleading, generalizations groups held in a manner that renders them largely, though not entirely, immune to counterproductive and how you shouldn't assume things about people. Then there is the prejudicial Judgment caused by the ethnicity. This is proven when Scout says, † Judge Taylor, who had been concentrating on his fingernails, looked up† (Lee 167).This not only shows that the Judge has already come to the conclusion that Tom Robinson did in fact rape t he girl but it also shows that he doesn't care or find it necessary for Attic's to defend him since his verdict has already been made. She learns to never Judge by appearances because they really can be far from the truth. Due to this incident Tom also teaches Scout how she should keep a clear mind and never doubt oneself when others doubt you during ones darkest points in life because as long as you believe in oneself you will be able to overcome all obstacles in

Star Charts and Their Many Uses

Star Charts and Their Many Uses The night sky is a fascinating place to explore. Most backyard skygazers begin by stepping out each night and marveling at whatever appears overhead. In time, however, nearly everybody gets the urge to know about what theyre seeing.  Thats where sky charts come in handy.l Theyre like navigational charts, but for exploring the sky. They help observers identify stars and planets in their local skies. A  star chart  or a  stargazing app is one of the most important tools a skygazer can use.  They form the backbone of specialized astronomy apps, desktop programs, and are found in many astronomy books.   Charting the  Sky To get started with star charts, search out a location on  this handy Your sky page. It  lets observers select their location and get a real-time sky chart. The page can create charts for areas around the world, so its also useful for people planning trips who need to know what the skies will contain at their destination. For example, lets say someone lives in or near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They would scroll down to Fort Lauderdale on the list​ and click on it. It will automatically calculate the sky using the latitude and longitude of Fort Lauderdale as well as its time zone. Then, a sky chart will appear. If the background color is blue, it means the chart is showing the daytime sky.  If its a dark background, then the chart shows the night sky.   The beauty of these charts is that a user can click on any object or area in the chart to get a telescope view, a magnified view of that region. It should show any objects that are in that part of the sky. Labels such as NGC XXXX (where XXXX is a number) or Mx where x is also a number indicate deep-sky objects. Theyre probably galaxies or nebulae or star clusters. M numbers are part of Charles Messiers listing of faint fuzzy objects in the sky, and are worth checking out with a telescope. NGC objects are often galaxies. They may be accessible through a telescope, although many are fairly faint and hard to spot. Astronomers over the ages have collaborated on and created different lists of sky objects. The NGC and Messier lists are the best examples and are the most accessible to casual stargazers as well as advanced amateurs. Unless a stargazer is well-equipped to search out faint, dim, and distant objects, the advanced lists really arent of too much importance to backyard-type skygazers. Its best to stick with the really obvious bright objects for good stargazing results.Some of the better stargazing apps also allow a user to connect to a computerized telescope. The user inputs a target and the charting software directs the telescope to focus on the object. Some users then go on to photograph the object (if theyre so equipped), or simply gaze at it through the eyepiece. There is no limit to what a star chart can help an observer do.   The Ever-Changing Sky Its important to remember that the sky does change night after night. Its a slow change, but eventually, dedicated observers will notice that whats overhead in January is not visible in May or June. Constellations and stars that are high in the sky in the summertime are gone by mid-winter.  This happens throughout the year. Also, the sky seen from the northern hemisphere is not necessarily the same as what is seen from the southern hemisphere. There is some overlap, of course, but in general, stars and constellations visible from the northern parts of the planet arent always going to be seen in the south, and vice-versa.The planets slowly move across the sky as they trace their orbits around the Sun. The more distant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn, stay around the same spot in the sky for a long time. The closer planets such as Venus, Mercury, and Mars, appear to move more quickly.   Star Charts and Learning the Sky A good star chart shows not only the brightest stars visible at a given location and time but also gives constellation names and will often contain some easy-to-find deep-sky objects. These are usually such things as the Orion Nebula, the Pleiades star cluster, the Milky Way galaxy that we see from inside, star clusters, and the nearby Andromeda Galaxy. Learning to read a chart enables skygazers to know exactly what theyre looking at, and leads them to explore for more celestial goodies.  Ã‚   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

1940s Essays

1940s Essays 1940s Essay 1940s Essay The Decade of the 1940s Nickenha Ashley History of Psychology Dr. Specht November 20th, 2013 The 1940s was a great period of well-known events in history. One of the most important events of the decade was World War II, which basically ruled the 1940s. World War II started on September 1, 1939 beginning with the German invasion of Poland; and Britain and France declaring war on German two days later. It was the most costly and destructive war in history and its effects, for good and ill, were felt far beyond the battlefields. After the war was over the United States entered a period of reat prosperity, an increase in the birthrate produced more consumers who fueled the economy and made the United States the most powerful nation (Hills, 1958, p. 56). It is safe to say that the 1940s was one of the many decades that influenced and shaped the future of the American society, with the many challenges and hardship that the United States faced within this decade. The events that took place in the 1940s changed the American society forever. It was a time of hardship and every aspect of life were affected by World War II. The rights of different groups of people ere also an issue during the 1940s, the inventions of different technology like computers, nuclear weapons, and rockets affected the whole world and television began to change Americans lives. The 1940s were defined by World War II. The war began on December 7, 1941 after the Japanese attached the United States Naval Base in Hawaii. President Roosevelt came on the radio the next morning and announced that the United Sates was going to war. Roosevelt explained that the war was inevitable and that in order to win this war, the United States needed support from all Americans, and the next day Congress declared war on Japan (Sullivan, 1991). The United States and the Allies were not successful in the beginning of the war, and President Roosevelt encouraged Americans on the home front, and General Eisenhower commanded troops in Europe. After a disastrous beginning, the United States began to take the offensive and gradually began to turn the tide against Axis armies in Africa, Europe and on while Japan was not an easy defeat, and a secret atomic bomb had to be used against the Japanese mainland. In August of 1945 Japan surrendered and World War II ended. The cost and sacrifices of the war were shocking. This 1,364 day war cost the United States and estimated $341 billion and 407, 318 American soldiers (Uschan, 1999, p. 12-17). This was a huge price to pay for victory, and could not have been done without the actions by the civilians on the home front during World War II. World War II was not only fought by the troops overseas, but also by our American women and children. When the war was declared, a lot of American men enlisted or were drafted into the armed forces, causing a labor shortage in factories and other blue collar Jobs. Because of this the United States had to turn to its female population to replenish the labor supply. Women began to work in factories, making bullets and riveting planes, tanks, and other war supplies. By 1943, half the workers on American assembly lines and factories were women. This was the first time in American history that women held Jobs that had been regarded as for men only. Children were also able to participate in helping with the war, they collected scrap metal, old tires, and even toothpaste tubes that were recycled and used to make more war supplies. Children also grew victory gardens, which supplied one third of the fresh vegetables consumed in the United States (Duden, 1989, p. 1-21). As a result of these social trends during World War II, women gained a new independence and were able to enter the workforce in much larger numbers and in a different capacity. Racial discrimination was still a norm in the United States during the start of the 1940s. By the end of the decade, those attitudes were beginning to change because of the events of the past 10 years. In the early 1900s, African Americans began a great migration from the rural south to the northern cities. This migration began during the WWII era because the war caused labor shortages, and African Americans ad a chance of getting Jobs in northern factories. The migration benefited both the African American population and economy. African Americans and whites served together in the military and business world, but the United States was still a segregated society. After World War II ended, African Americans were eager to be accepted, and one of the first breakthroughs came by way of Americas pastime, baseball. Only white players were allowed on the major league teams. African Americans had to play in their own segregated league. A number of famous African American baseball stars were eager to make a break for the big eagues. In 1947 the Brooklyn Dodgers drafted a young infielder named Jackie Robinson, the first Negro to achieve major-league baseball status in modern times (Effrat, 1947). Although it was unknown to him at the time, but he would end up being a symbol of hope that a multi- racial society could exist. Throughout the season Robinson received death threats and racial insults but racism could not stop him. Robinson stayed with the team and even went on to win the World Series and was even named rookie of the year. Technology started to rocket in the early 1940s, but it was the early stages of films nd television. Walt Disney was one of the biggest cartoon film makes then. This was the start of Walt Disneys famous career. Walt Disney released Pinocchio, Dumbo, The computer was also one of the most significant technological advances made in the 1940s. In 1946 the first all-electronic digital computer named ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed. This computer was able to do as much work in one hour as most people could do in one week (Duden, 1989, p. 30). Even though the television was invented in the late 1930s, it did not gain much popularity at the start of the decade. When World War II began, production of television and other electronics was stopped in order to devote factory capacity to the war effort. After the war ended, the ban on the production of electronics was lifted and televisions began rolling off the assembly lines again. The increasing amount of disposable income of consumers after the war had television flying off the shelves of stores around the country. The Olympic Games in 1948 were shown on television and attracted the largest broadcast audience in history (Peterson, J. R. ). Colored television achieved realism when CBS demonstrated the first color television in New York City, nd WNBT, making New York City the countrys first regular television station, broadcasting to about 10,000 viewers ( nytimes. com). The television created a social impact on the United States in many ways, people were buying televisions in record numbers and television was becoming a common part of life (Duden, 1989, p. 43). The television movement impacted life in the United States in many ways and provided Americans with easier access to information and entertainment with pictures and words. The atomic bomb, one of the most powerful and deadly technological advances in history, was developed in the 1940s. In 1941, nuclear physicists discovered that two uranium derivatives, U-235 and plutonium, could be used to create rapid fission. In December of 1942 a physicist named Enrico Fermi created the first nuclear reaction. The first time the bomb was used was August of 1945 when the bombing of Japan occurred (Fyson, 1999, p. 6). This Marilyn Monroe advertisement was very effective in the 1940s. This was used to endorse the production in sales for Lustre Company. Though this shampoo may work well as any other shampoos, this advertisement was meant to reach out to the fans of Marilyn Monroe. When this ad was put out we can assume that many of Marilyn Monroes fans bought this product causing this company to mak e a lot of money, which made this advertisement very effective. This poster is of Uncle Sam in the 1940s looks very convincing. This poster was recruiting anyone WWII, it was very demanding and inspired young people to Join the armys frontlines and serve for their country. This advertisement was very effective as it made people think that it was their Job to protect the country and run the front lines. up no matter what. Being the first black man to play baseball he was faced with a lot of obstacles, hate messages and death threats being sent to him, but this did not top him. This advertisement served as a motivator for others, and gives others hope that though they may be of different color they can still do things the same as any other race. This advertisement is of one of the first Walt Disney movies created. This advertisement was effective because it showed the first movie created by Disney and was convincing to others to go and watch it. The economy of the 1940s can be easily divided into two periods: the economy during the war and the economy after the war. After World War II the U. S. economy was drastically altered, the involvement of America in the war boosted the economy uring the war years and set the foundation for the US to become an economic superpower (Vatter, H. G. 1985). One of the most applauding economic achievements by the U. S. during WWII was the elimination of unemployment. During this period, employment went up from 47. 52 million to 53. 96 million, over a 13% increase. Unemployment rates had fallen from 4. 7% in 1942 and declined to 1. 2% in 1944 (Williams, R. M. 1994). This was more a significance because of the diminished labor force caused by the 11 million men and women entering the armed forces during this period. The labor force was one of the main reasons U. S. ndustry was able to meet the great demand in productivity created by the war. Because of the shortages of goods such as, meat, shoes, gasoline, and sugar President Roosevelt and his administration created what was called the Office of Price Administration. This was ordered to hold the line against rising prices and this was successful from April of 1943 to February of 1946, and they were able to hold the annual rate of inflation to only 1. 6% (Williams, R. M. 1994). The U. S. involvement in the war raised the economy to new heights. Over 17 million Jobs were created, industrial production went up, and corporate profits doubled. After the war ended, Americans learned the extent of the Holocaust. Realization of the power of prejudice helped lead to Civil Rights reforms over the next 3 decades. The GI Bill of Rights was passed entitling returning soldiers to a college education. In 1949, there were 3 times as many colleges degrees issued as in 1940, college became available to those who were capable rather the privileged. Being as education was becoming so accessible, in Germany Hitler was eliminating artists whose ideas didnt agree with his. Because of this many of the artists migrated to the US, where they had a huge effect on American artists. One of the art styles hat were popular was abstract expressionism, which showed raw emotions. The art style of abstract expressionism was the first specifically American artistic movement that influenced the world and put New York City at the center of the world (http:// www. learningzoneclass. com/aoatl 1 /beltran/art. html). One of the most famous artists of the 1940s was Paul Jackson Pollock, and one of his most famous art works is Number 5. Like art, music reflected American enthusiasm, and American composers remained more traditional and at the beginning of the decade bands dominated popular music. Radio became the lifeline for Americans in the 1940s. Providing news, music and entertainment, much like television today. Shows included soap operas, government relied heavily on radio for propaganda, and the radio faded and TV became more prominent and accessible, and most popular shows on the radio started to show on TV. TV also had an effect on the food people ate, frozen dinners were invented and they became known as TV dinners. The Jitterbug dance was also developed in the 1940s, and it was the first dance that allowed individual expressionism. Rosie the Riverter was the symbol of the working woman as the men off to war and women were needed to work in factories. Tupperware and aluminum foil became popular in the 1940s as well as a way to ease the postwar housewives burdens, and the slinky was developed in 1945 as a way to keep kids occupied. Fashion was the fad with the most influence and changed the way women would look at clothes. The convertible suit, which is still popular today, was designed for the working woman and carried on until the war ended. Once the war was over, Christian Dior introduced the New look. This look included feminine dresses with long, full skirts, tight waists and comfortable low heeled shoes, which soon swept the country as the new trend (Peacock, 1998). Make up was also socially acceptable and hair was curled very tightly and was shoulder length. With men home from war and back to work, women had more time to focus on themselves, which was exactly what the new look was trying to accomplish. In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic, and Burma and Ceylon was granted independence by Britain. Although World War II dominated the decade of the 1940s another major international event that taking was taking place was the Holocaust, and Jews being put into concentration camps. The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, were the perpetrators of the Holocaust. The Nazis targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovahs witnesses, Communists, twins, and the disabled. Some of these people tried to hide from the Nazis like Anne Frank and her family, some were successful and some were not. Those that were captured suffered sterilization, forced resettlement, separation from family and friends, beatings, tortures, starvation, and/or death ( istoryl 900s. about. com/od/holocaust/tp/ holocaust. htm). The discovery of penicillin in the 1940s revolutionized medicine. Developed first to help the military personnel survive war wounds, it also helped increase survival rates or surgery. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from a pile of petri dishes in his sink that were growing bacteria. After taking samples of mold he found that it was from the penicillium family, and named it penicillin and found that it was nontoxic and sufficient in treating many types of bacteria harmful to man. Unfortunately, the interest in penicillin did not peak again until World War II, and it was Howard Florey and Ernst Chain who continued the research and found a way to purify, and presented this powerful antibiotic to the world (http:// www. essortment. com/alexander-flemming-discovery-penicillin-40564. tml). In 1943 Fleming was presented the Award of Distinction for his discovery of the miracle drug and of similar award to Dr. Howard W. Florey of Oxford University, in recognition of his pioneer contributions to our knowledge of the value of penicillin as a In 1945 The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded. In 1999 a study was done to examine the mental and medical health care utilization of World War II survivors and the characteristics of survivors seeking professional health care. Forty seven years after WWII ended, a random sample of 4,057 Dutch WWII survivors answered a our-page questionnaire, and out of that 1,461 of those persons subsequently answered an extensive follow-up questionnaire (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). Twenty two percent had sought some form of health care for war-related complaints at some time since WWII, and most consultations were made in the 1940s. It was found that most consultations were made to general practitioners or to a medical specialist as opposed to mental health specialists. Results showed that 59% of the highly-exposed respondents with posttraumatic stress disorders had not sought professional help in he years of 1990-1992 (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). In a study done by Audrey Rieger to test differences in personality using the Rorschach test that was invented in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach to determine personality characteristics and evaluate emotional health. This study was designed to study personality patterns of certain specific occupational groups as reflected in the individual Rorschach test to determine if differences between such groups do occur and if the differences are meaningful in practical situations (Rieger, 1949). Results showed that personality differences between the occupational groups had some ignificant results, but the Rorschach scores failed to differentiate the groups in practice. Most of the differences appeared to be related to variations in response total. The only important result is the distinction found between those who deal with verbal concepts (mostly administrators and personnel workers) and those who dealt with their hands (supervisors and foremen) (Rieger, 1949). In 1949 David Wechsler published the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. This was used as tools in school placement, determining the presence of a learning disability, or developmental delay. It was also used to identify giftedness among children, and track their intellectual development. In 1946 Lindner, and Gurvitz did a research on the restandardization of the revised beta examination to yield the Wechsler type of Q. The revised Beta examination has been restandardized to accomplish three purposes: the administration and scoring procedures have been improved, the sample of adults upon which new norms were based on were selected to represent the 1940 Census with respect to education and socio-economic status within several groups from twenty years and above (Lindner, Gurvitz, 1946). The standardization lso permitted the securing of Beta IQs which were similar to the IQs on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. The 1940s was an important decade to study because of the history that took place, which can give us a better understanding of the American and heritage and to appreciate the power and freedom that was enjoyed by this country in the 21st century. This decade produced many different changes in the political, social, and technological aspects of life. World War II was a major factor that influenced all of these aspects throughout the decade. Bramsen, 1. , Van der Ploeg, H. M. (1999). Use of Medical and Mental Health Care by World War II Survivors in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(2), 243-261. Rieger, A. F. (1949). The Rorschach test and Occupational Personalities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 33(6), 572-578. 1943, December 14. Discoverer tells penicillin story: Dr. Alexander Fleming speaks from London in broadcast to accept award here. The New York Times, p. 13. 1949, December 23. Radio, Video: CBS color system tests to start Jan 2. Here and in capital. The New York Times, p. 36. Hills, K. (1958, June 10). World War. Newsweek. Retrieved from academicsearchpremier. com DudenJ. (1989). Timelines: 1940s. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Crestwood House. Peacock, J. (1998). Fashion sourcebooks: The 1940s. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson. Sullivan, G. (1991). The day Pearl Harbor was bombed. New York, NY: Scholastic. Fyson, N. (1999). World War Two. In D. Marks (Ed. ), World book of Encyclopedia. Uschan, M. (1999). A cultural history of the United States: 1940s. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. Peterson, J. R. (2010). World War Two. Retrieved from http://cnn. com. Rosenberg, J. (2013). The Holocaust. Retrieved from http://history1900s. about. com/od/holocaust/ tp/holocaust. htm Alexander Fleming and the discovery of Penicillin. Retrieved from ttp://www. essortment. om/alexander-fleming-discovery-penicillin-40564. html. Vatter, H. G. (1985). The U. S. economy in World War II. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Williams, R. M. (1994). The politics of boom and bust in the twentieth century America. St. Paul: West Publishing. The generation to remember: Art of the 1940s. Retrieved from http:// learningzoneclass. com/aoatll/beltran/art. html. The Walt Disne y studios history. Retrieved from studioservices. go. com/ disneystudios/history. html. Effrat, L. (1947, April 11). Royals star signs with Brooks today. The New York Times, p. 20.